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| Image by BenBlack |
–By Dawn Starin
Kola Nut is just a “Nut” in Nigeria or Africa culture it symbolizes:
- Peace
- Reconciliation
- Integrity
- Life
- Fraternity
- Hospitality
- Goodwill
- And Kindness
Kola is prized throughout West Africa by the poor and the affluent; by men and women; by Muslims, Christians and animists. It is a shared experience, a powerful cultural symbol. It is given to show respect and as a sacred offering. It is a crucial part of community meetings. It is incorporated into many rites of passage and into ceremonies to cement treaties and contracts. In Nigeria, it is even believed that the prophet Muhammad relished kola nuts and gave them as gifts and that his wealthier followers gave kola as alms during high festivals.
But, kola is so much more than a cultural symbol and a key market item in a struggling economy. People have claimed it ‘sweetens stale water’, treats fatigue, hunger pangs, infections, various skin diseases and ulcers, toothaches and sore gums, morning sickness, difficult labours, irregular menstrual cycles, colic and assorted intestinal diseases, headaches, depression, flagging libidos, severe coughs, asthma, various eye diseases, and both dysentery and constipation. Because it was believed that kola ‘combated cowardice’ and made men ‘eager for combat’ (R Prietze quoted in Lovejoy), they were traditionally given to troops on African battlefields.
Native to West Africa, these culturally significant, economically important, chestnut-size nuts reputed to dispel all manner of illnesses, have travelled far and wide and their therapeutic reputation has travelled with them over centuries and across continents.
As long ago as the 12th century, an Arab physician recommended kola for the relief of various stomach complaints and by the 16th century, it was incorporated into the matière médicale of Islamic science. Slave traders carried kola nuts on their ships ‘as a medical prophylactic agent or as an ordinary article of food, to avert, as far as practicable, those attacks of constitutional despondency to which … Negroes were peculiarly liable’ (Attfield quoted in Abaka).
In Victorian Britain ‘kola chocolate’, a preparation made from kola, sugar and vanilla, was dispensed to invalids and recommended to travellers to ‘allay hunger and relieve exhaustion’ while ‘kola champagne’ was advertised as a tonic and nerve stimulant. And, of course, kola extract is said to be partially responsible for two major multinational success stories. In 1886, it was used to create a ‘brain tonic’ known as Coca-Cola and a few years later, Pepsi-Cola was created and marketed as a medical tonic to relieve peptic ulcers and dyspepsia. In the late 1800s, an American doctor wrote about the therapeutic uses of fresh, undried kola nut (a ‘most valuable drug’) that many physicians used ‘to sustain themselves through extra and long-continued work, and especially if their duties call for loss of sleep’. He also claimed that it cured some cases of whooping cough, asthma, melancholia, alcohol and morphine addiction, uterine inertia and surgical shock, and that it was ‘serviceable’ in Bright’s disease, cardiac and renal dropsies, rheumatic and rheumatoid conditions, and in cases of shock with collapse and delirium tremens.
Research has shown that kola nut extract contains the stimulants caffeine, theobromine and kolatin, and glucose, and is able to counteract fatigue, alleviate thirst and hunger, and possibly enhance intellectual activity, act as a psychoactive substance and suppress coughs.
By following the story of kola through the ages and across continents, it becomes clear that traditional practices sometimes demonstrate an extensive understanding of particular plants. Today millions upon millions of people ingest kola nut extract as one of the ingredients in products created by pharmaceutical, dietary and food and drink industries.
Kola is just one very small example of a very large problem: unbalanced international commercial ventures. The developed world has often gained by taking local resources and/or traditional knowledge and turning them into financial bonanzas, while the local people often garner little (if anything) in comparison. Is there a solution to this problem, one that is fair and equitable and subject to mutually agreed transparent terms?
While it is now too late for past and present local kola nut promoters and believers to financially benefit from their knowledge, in order to safeguard future local interests, legal frameworks need to be established, frameworks that acknowledge and incorporate local cultural mores and sensitivities. Also, prior informed consent as well as adequate compensation (in monetary or non-monetary terms) need to be ensured if genetic resources and/or traditional knowledge associated with such resources are used by scientists or industries. Should misappropriation of these materials and/or knowledge occur, legal recourse must be available. Implementation of the Nagoya Protocol on Access to Genetic Resources and the Fair and Equitable Sharing of Benefits Arising from their Utilization (http://www.cbd.int/abs/about/) would be a step in the right direction. This international agreement, whose ratification and implementation is presently being discussed within the EU, has thus far been ratified by only 20 countries (apparently further ratifications will follow in the coming weeks). All 20 are potential provider countries, those on the potential supply end of this international equation, those at potential risk of exploitation.
Unfortunately, if this agreement is not enacted, it is possible that provider communities might have to pay high prices, without any compensation) to use something that has long been a part of their traditional heritage and/or they could prevent basic research from occurring. Quite simply, without this international agreement, prospects for the future for both local producers and consumers as well as potential beneficiaries in the larger international community remain at risk on fiscal, ethical and scientific research fronts.
To learn more about Esan Folks, history and culture visit www.esanland.org